LIST OF INDIAN PRESIDENTS

   

Name
   

Portrait
   

Took office
   

Left office
   

Vice President
   

Notes

1
   

Dr Rajendra Prasad

(1884–1963)
   

The enumeration of Dr Rajendra Prasad.jpg
   

26 January 1950
   

13 May 1962
   

Dr.S Radhakrishnan
   

1952 election page & 1957 election page

Prasad was the first President of independent India from Bihar.[7][8] He was also an independence activist of the Indian Independence Movement.[9] Prasad was the only president to serve for two terms in office.[4]

2
   

Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan

(1888–1975)
   

Radhakrishnan.jpg
   

13 May 1962
   

13 May 1967
   

Zakir Hussain
   

1962 election page

Radhakrishnan was a prominent philosopher, writer, a Knight of the Realm and also held the position of vice chancellor of the Andhra University and Banaras Hindu University.[10] He was also made a Knight of the Golden Army of Angels by Pope Paul VI.[11]

3
   

Zakir Hussain

(1897–1969)
   

   

13 May 1967
   

3 May 1969
   

Varahagiri Venkata Giri
   

1967 election page

Hussain was vice chancellor of the Aligarh Muslim University and a recipient of Padma Vibhushan and Bharat Ratna.[12] He died before his term of office was ended.

   

Varahagiri Venkata Giri *

(1894–1980)
   

   

3 May 1969
   

20 July 1969
   

   

Giri was appointed as acting president following the death of Hussain.[13] He resigned in a few months to take part in the presidential elections.[5]

   

Muhammad Hidayatullah *

(1905–1992)
   

   

20 July 1969
   

24 August 1969
   

   

Hidayatullah served as the Chief Justice of India, and was a recipient of the Order of the British Empire.[14] He served as acting president until the election of Giri as the President of India.

4
   

Varahagiri Venkata Giri

(1894–1980)
   

   

24 August 1969
   

24 August 1974
   

Gopal Swarup Pathak
   

1969 election page

Giri is the only person to have served as both an acting president and president of India. He was a recipient of the Bharat Ratna, and has functioned as Indian Minister of Labour and High Commissioner to Ceylon (Sri Lanka).[15]

5
   

Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed

(1905–1977)
   

   

24 August 1974
   

11 February 1977
   

Basappa Danappa Jatti
   

1974 election page

Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed served as a Minister before being elected as president. He died in 1977 before his term of office ended, and was the second Indian president to have died during a term of office.[16]

   

Basappa Danappa Jatti *

(1912–2002)
   

   

11 February 1977
   

25 July 1977
   

   

Jatti was the vice president of India during Ahmed's term of office, and was sworn in as acting president upon Ahmed's death. He earlier functioned as the Chief Minister for the State of Mysore.[16][17]

6
   

Neelam Sanjiva Reddy

(1913–1996)
   

NeelamSanjeevaReddy.jpg
   

25 July 1977
   

25 July 1982
   

Muhammad Hidayatullah
   

1977 election page

N.S.Reddy was the first Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh State. Reddy was the only Member of Parliament from the Janata Party to get elected from Andhra Pradesh.[18] He was unanimously elected Speaker of the Lok Sabha on 26 March 1977 and relinquished this office on 13 July 1977 to become the 6th President of India.

7
   

Giani Zail Singh

(1916–1994)
   

   

25 July 1982
   

25 July 1987
   

Ramaswamy Venkataraman
   

1982 election page

In March 1972, Singh assumed the position of chief Minister of Punjab, and in 1980, he became Union Home Minister.[19]

8
   

Ramaswamy Venkataraman

(1910–2009)
   

R Venkataraman.jpg
   

25 July 1987
   

25 July 1992
   

Shankar Dayal Sharma
   

1987 election page

In 1942, Venkataraman was jailed by the British for his involvement in the India's independence movement.[20] After his release, he was elected to independent India’s Provisional Parliament as a member of the Congress Party in 1950 and eventually joined the central government, where he first served as Minister of Finance and Industry and later as Minister of Defence.[21]

9
   

Shankar Dayal Sharma

(1918–1999)
   

Shankar Dayal Sharma 36.jpg
   

25 July 1992
   

25 July 1997
   

Kocheril Raman Narayanan
   

1992 election page

Sharma was Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh, and the Indian Minister for Communications. He has also served as the governor of Andhra Pradesh, Punjab and Maharashtra.[22]

10
   

Kocheril Raman Narayanan

(1920–2005)
   

   

25 July 1997
   

25 July 2002
   

Krishan Kant
   

1997 election page

Narayanan served as India's ambassador to Thailand, Turkey, China and United States of America. He received doctorates in Science and Law and was also a chancellor in several universities.[23] He was also the vice-chancellor of Jawaharlal Nehru University.[24]

11
   

A. P. J. Abdul Kalam

(1931–)
   

AbdulKalam.JPG
   

25 July 2002
   

25 July 2007
   

Bhairon Singh Shekhawat
   

2002 election page

Kalam, was a scientist who played a leading role in the development of India's ballistic missile and nuclear weapons programs.[25] Kalam also received the Bharat Ratna.

12
   

Pratibha Patil

(1934–)
   

Pratibha Patil 2.jpg
   

25 July 2007
   

Incumbent
   

Mohammad Hamid Ansari
   

2007 election page

Patil is the first woman to become the President of India. She was also the first female Governor of Rajasthan.[26][27]

KAMAL HASAN

Kamal Haasan 

	Kamalhasan born 7 November 1954) is an Indian film actor, screenwriter and director, considered to be one of the leading method actors of Indian cinema.[1][2] He is widely acclaimed as an actor and is well known for his versatility in acting.[3][4][5] Kamal Haasan has won several Indian film awards, including four National Film Awards and numerous Filmfare Awards, and is known for having starred in the largest number of films submitted by India in contest for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film.[6] In addition to acting, screenwriting and directing, he has also featured in films as a songwriter, playback singer and choreographer.[7] His film production company, Rajkamal International, has produced several of his films. In 2009, he became one of very few Indian actors to have completed 50 years in cinema.[8] For his contributions to Indian cinema Kamal Hassan was awarded the Padma Shri in 1990.[9] Kamal Haasan is also a recipient of an Honorary doctorate by Sathyabama University.[10] After several projects as a child artist, Kamal Haasan's breakthrough into lead acting came with his role in the 1975 drama Apoorva Raagangal, in which he played a rebellious youth in love with an older woman. He secured his second Indian National Film Award for his portrayal of a guileless school teacher who tends a child-like amnesiac in 1982's Moondram Pirai. He was particularly noted for his performance in Mani Ratnam's Godfatheresque Tamil film Nayagan (1987), which was ranked by Time magazine as one of the best films of all time.[11] Since then he has gone on to appear in other notable films such as his own productions, Hey Ram and Virumaandi, as well as the Dasavathaaram, in which he appeared in ten distinct roles Born     Kamal Haasan 7 November 1954 (age 56) Paramakudi, Madras State, India Residence     Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Occupation     Film actor, producer, director, screenwriter, songwriter, playback singer, lyricist Years active     1959–present Spouse     Vani Ganapathy (1978–1988) Sarika Haasan (1988–2004) Partner     Gouthami Tadimalla (2004–present) Children     Shruti Haasan (born 1986) Akshara Haasan (born 1991)

TIRUR

                                                                       TIRUR

Tirur is a town and a municipality in Malappuram district in the Indian state of Kerala. It is birth place of Thunchathu Ramanujan Ezhuthachan, the father of Malayalam literature. Thunchan Parambu is highly venerated and its sand is believed to be sacred. The sand is used in Vidyarambham, especially on Vijaya Dasami day. Tirur is one of the most important business centres of Malappuram district and is situated 41 km south of Kozhikode or Calicut, on the Mangalore-Madras railway line.
The Tirur-Koottayi road ends at Padinjarekara, better known as Padinjarekara Azhimugham, where the Bharathapuzha and Tirur river s converge to drain into the sea. This place is noted for migratory birds, gathering in their thousands during February - April. This beautiful beach is very near Tirur and is also famous for its astonishing scenic beauty. This beach has long been a favourite destination for both domestic and international travellers as well as nature lovers. Most of the travelers to Malappuram district and pilgrims who are heading to the Kadambuzha Baghavathi Temple and Other temples are boarded here.This railway station has a sad history in the freedom fight of India. The incident Vagon Tragedy Happened in this place. Hundreds of prisoners where killed to death suffocating in the closed compartments of a goods train.

WAGON TRGEDY

The Wagon tragedy was the death of a large number of prisoners on 10 November 1921 in the Malabar region of Kerala state of India. The prisoners had been taken into custody following unrest known as Mopilah rebellion in Malabar, and their deaths through apparent negligence discredited the British Raj and generated sympathy for the Indian independence movement.
Initially inspired by Mahatma Gandhi and the national leaders of India, there was a widespread and violent uprising against the British colonial rule of India,later Hindus became the target in which hundreds of Hindus got killed and thousands forcefully converted to Islam. After a series of events that culminated in violent clashes between police and protesters, Martial law was introduced and the rebellion mostly crushed. The British packed 70 prisoners into a railway goods wagon at Tirur railway station to be sent to the Coimbatore jails. By the time they reached their destination 61 of the prisoners had died from suffocation. A monument to this notorious tragedy can be now seen in Tirur.

OBAMA

Born in Honolulu, Hawaii, Obama is a graduate of Columbia University and Harvard Law School, where he was the president of the Harvard Law Review. He was a community organizer in Chicago before earning his law degree. He worked as a civil rights attorney in Chicago and taught constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School from 1992 to 2004. He served three terms representing the 13th District in the Illinois Senate from 199Born in Honolulu, Hawaii, Obama is a graduate of Columbia University and Harvard Law School, where he was the president of the Harvard Law Review. He was a community organizer in Chicago before earning his law degree. He worked as a civil rights attorney in Chicago and taught constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School from 1992 to 2004. He served three terms representing the 13th District in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004.7 to 2004.He is present president of america

SAD STORY

                               STORY OF REGRET

There was this guy who believed very much in true love and decided to take his time to wait for his right girl to appear. He believed that there would definitely be someone special out there for him, but none came.


Every year at Christmas, his ex-girlfriend would return from Vancouver to look him up. He was aware that she still held some hope of re-kindling the past romance with him. He did not wish to mislead her in any way. Hence, he would always get one of his girl friends to pose as his girlfriend whenever she came back. That went on for several years and every year, the guy would get a different girl to pose as his romantic interest. Therefore, whenever the ex-girlfriend came to visit him, she would be led into believing that it was all over between her and the guy.

The girl took all these rather well. She often tries to casually tease him about his different girlfriends, or so, as it seemed! In fact, the girl often weeps secretly whenever she sees him with another girl but she was too proud to admit it. Still, she returned every Christmas, hoping to re-kindle some form of romance. But each time, she returned to Vancouver feeling disappointed.


She finally decided that she could not play this game any longer. Therefore, she confronted him and professed that after all these years, he was still the only man that she had ever loved. Although the guy knew of her feelings for him, he was still taken aback and never expected her to react this way. He always thought that she would slowly forget about him over time and come to terms that it was all over between them. Although he was touched by her undying love for him and wanted so much to accept her again, he remembered why he rejected her in the first place - she was not the one he wanted. As a result, he hardened his heart and turned her down cruelly. Since then, the girl did not return from Vancouver for three years. They did not even write to each other. The guy went on with his life as he continues his search for his one true love. However somehow deep inside him, he knew that he misses the girl.

During the Christmas of 1995, he went to his friend's party alone.
"Hey, how come you are all alone this year? Where are all your girlfriends? What happened to that Vancouver babe who joins you every Christmas?", asked one of his friends.

He felt warm and comforted by his friend's queries about her but still he simply surged on. Then, he came upon one of his many girlfriends whom he once requested to pose as his girlfriend. He wanted so much to ignore her. It wasn’t because he was impolite but because at that moment, he just didn't feel comfortable with those girlfriends anymore. He felt that it was almost as if he was being judged by them. The girl saw him and shouted across the floor for him. Unable to avoid her, he went up to acknowledge her.

"Hi. How are you? Enjoying the party?" the girl asked.
"Sure. Yeah!", he replied.
She was slightly tipsy from the whiskey in her hand.
She continued, "Why? Don't you need someone to pose as your girlfriend this year?"
Then he answered, "No, there is no need for that anymore..."
He was interrupted before he can continue.
"Oh yes! You must have found a girlfriend! You haven't been searching for one for the past years, right?"
The guy looked up as if he has struck gold. His face beamed and he looked directly at the drunken girl.
He replied, "Yes. You are right! I haven't been looking for anyone for the past years."
With that, the guy darted across the floor and out of the door, leaving the lady in much bewilderment. He finally realized that he had already found his dream girl and she was the Vancouver girl all along! The drunken lady has said something that awoken that fact in him.
All along he had found his girl. That was why he did not bother to look further when he realized she was not coming back. It was not any specific girl he was seeking! It was perfection that he wanted, and yes... Perfection


Relationship is something that both parties should work on. Realizing that he had let someone so important in his life get away, he decided to call her immediately. His whole mind was flooded with fears. He was afraid that she might have found someone new or no longer had the same feelings anymore. For once in his life, he felt the fear of losing someone. As it was Christmas’s eve, the line was quite hard to get through. It was especially so for an overseas call. He tried again and again, never giving up. Finally, he got through at precisely twelve midnight. He confessed his love for her and the girl was moved to tears. It seemed that she never got over him! She was still waiting for him and never gave up even after so long.

He was so excited to meet her and to begin his new chapter of their lives. He decided to fly to Vancouver to join her. It was the happiest time of their lives! But their happiness was short-lived. Two days before he was supposed to fly to Vancouver, he received a call from her father. She had a head-on car collision with a drunken driver. She passed away after being in a coma for six hours.


The guy was devastated and was at a complete loss. Why did fate play such cruel games with him? He cursed the heavens for taking her away from him, denying even one last look at her! How cruel he cursed! How he damned the Gods! How he hated himself for taking so long to realize his mistake!! That was in 1996.


The moral of this story is -
Treasure what you have.
Time is too slow for those who wait;
Too swift for those who fear;
Too long for those who grief;
Too short for those who rejoice;
But for those who love...
Time is Eternity.

For all of you out there with someone special in your heart, cherish that person. Cherish every moment that you spend together with that special someone, for in life, anything can happen anytime. You may painfully regret only to realise that it is too late. 

KALARIPPAYATTU

The word Kalari means battle ground in Tamil and translates as "threshing floor" or "battlefield" in Malayalam. Training for Kalarippayattu, a martial art of Kerala and Tamil Nadu, is traditionally done inside the Kalari.
Every Kalari has a Puttara (meaning "platform where flowers are kept" in Malayalam). The Puttara is a seven tiered platform placed in the south-west corner and houses the guardian deity of the Kalari. The seven tiers symbolise the seven abilities that each person must possess: Vignesva (strength), Channiga (patience), Vishnu (power to command), Vadugashcha (the posture), Tadaguru (training), Kali (the expression) and Vakasta - purushu (sound). Other deities, most of them incarnations of the Bhagavathi or Shiva, are installed in the corners. Flowers, incense and water are offered to the deity every day. Before starting the day's practice, it is the norm for practitioners to pray to the deity. Not only is the Kalari a temple of learning, but it is also a temple of religious worship with a cult and ritual of its own.
There is also a Guruthara inside all kalaris. Guruttara means "the place where a lamp is kept burning in reverence to all the gurus (masters) of the kalari".

Kalari also meant to be the pre-school in Kerala. At the age of three children used to be placed in Kalaris during 20th century. It is still in practice at some villages in Kerala. The teacher in Kalari is called Asan. Asans get much respect from the students during entire life compared to a bre[clarification needed] school teacher of recent time.
Traditionally the Kalari is constructed by digging a hollow in the ground forming a sunken area four feet in depth, forty-two feet in length and twenty-one feet in breadth. This is usually called KuzhiKalari. Kuzhi means "portions formed by caving in the earth" in Malayalam.The entrance to the Kalari is in the east, to let in the morning sunlight, and leads into the forty-two foot leg running East-West while the twenty-one foot leg runs North-South. Another consideration taken when constructing the kalari is that it is built in the south-west side of the main plot, just like the puttara which is kept in the South-West corner of the Kalari itself. The floor of the Kalari is leveled using mud.
Ankathattu is a four to six feet high platform constructed temporarily for the purpose of fighting duels. Ankam means war in Malayalam. This platform is constructed as per tradition and is in the center of the ground from where people can watch the fight. The entire arrangememt is called Anka Kalari.
Historically, in Kerala, quarrels between local rulers were resolved by fixing an Ankam, a duel to the death, between two Ankachekavars, each ruler being represented by one Ankachekavar. The ruler represented by the surviving Ankachekavar was considered the winner.

CAUSES OF CANCER

Chronic Viruses: The Common Cause of Most Cancers





The Mystery

The current belief in medical research holds that cancer begins with a genetic mutation, in simple terms: with injured genes. However, the huge effort and billions of dollars invested by the National Institute of Health (NIH), private foundations, and pharmaceutical companies in searching for injured, that is, mutated genes in cancer has produced few discoveries and little benefits to the public. The reason for this limited success is very simple. The genes in the tumors of most cancer patients are not injured, they are completely healthy.

Hunting for Genetic Mutations and Cancer

A little background:
1. What is a gene? A gene is a creature that produces a protein, like a football player who produces yards during games.
2. What are proteins? Proteins are the major building blocks of cells, yards in our example.
3. What is a mutated gene? A mutated gene is an injured player. Very rarely a mutation is beneficial to the organism (X-Men, Evolution, Lance Armstrong?). In all other cases, the mutation is damaging the gene. Think of the effect of a serious knee injury on our football player.

Current belief:
The current belief in medical research holds that most cancers are caused by exposure to carcinogens, and that carcinogens begin the cancer process by injuring certain genes. This belief is so ingrained that the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), an institute at the NIH, recently stated that "all cancers are based on genetic mutations in body cells." Moreover, a search on PubMed, the search engine for scientific papers in life science, with the keywords "Mutation" AND "cancer" produced 86,490 papers and 12,238 reviews. Mutation hunting is also a big business. Look at the NIH budget allocated to discoveries of genetic mutations, the number of biotech companies chasing genetic mutations, the magnitude of the licensing agreements between biotech and pharmaceutical companies aimed to utilize newly discovered genetic mutations, and the number of stories in the media on genetic mutations and their so-called "link" to disease. However, this huge effort and billions of dollars has produced few discoveries and little benefits to the public.



And the public starts to react to the continuing failure of the injured gene dogma. Examine the level of tax payers funds allocated to the National Cancer Institute (NCI) by Congress:





Until 2003, the public and their representatives believed in the promise of the injured gene dogma, and increased the NCI budget (note the green lines). But in 2003, the public and Congress lost faith and started to cut back. Look at the NCI budgets from 2004 to 2007, what a vote of no confidence in mainstream cancer research!



The reason for this limited success of the injured gene idea is simple. The cause of most cancers is not a mutated gene.

The story of the BRCA1 gene is a typical example of mutation hunting.

The Mystery of BRCA1

Genes, in general, produce proteins, which are the building blocks of cells. The concentration of proteins is tightly regulated. A mutated or injured gene produces an abnormal concentration of its protein, which may lead to disease. In 1994, Mark Skolnick, PhD, discovered the BRCA1 gene (BRCA1 is short for BReast CAncer 1). Following the discovery, scientists observed a low level of the BRCA1 protein in breast cancer tissues. This observation created a lot of excitement. At the time, scientists believed that they were on the verge of finding the cause of breast cancer. The reasoning was that breast cancer patients must have a mutated BRCA1 gene, which would explain the decreased production of the protein, and the development of tumors.

In the United States, 180,000 cases of breast cancer are diagnosed each year. However, the BRCA1 gene is mutated in less than 5% of these cases. In more than 95% of breast cancer patients the gene is not mutated, the gene is not injured, no scars, no limited motion, nothing.

So here is the mystery. If the gene is not mutated in the great majority of the breast cancer patients, why are the tumors showing low levels of the BRCA1 protein? The BRCA1 gene is not unique. Many normal (perfect shape, non-mutated) genes exhibit a mysteriou

MAHATHMA GANDHI

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born on the 2nd Oct., 1869 at Porbander. His father was Dewan in the state of Rajkot. He was married to Kasturba when he was only a school student. After completing his schooling he went to England to study law and returned to India as a barrister in 1891. He started his legal practice at Bombay. But in connection with a case of an Indian firm he had to go to South Africa.It was in South Africa that Gandhiji started his political career. He was shocked to see that the Indian settlers there were humiliated and insulted. Gandhiji decided to fight against this injustice. He knew very well that he would not be able to achieve his objective by violence or force, so he invented a novel method of struggle for truth, justice and right which is popularly known as Satyagraha or non-violent resistance. Gandhiji had great faith in Satyagraha. During the course of his non-violent struggle, many a time he was insulted and even manhandled but he continued his fight relentlessly and ultimately he won the battle and was successful in securing the rights for the Indians in South Africa.Gandhiji returned to India from South Africa in 1915. He enrolled himself as a member of the Indian National Congress and devoted his energy to India’s struggle for independence. After the death of Lokmanya Tilak in 1920, Gandhiji became the topmost leader of this party and guided the course of struggle for freedom of India.The experiment of Satyagraha had already stood the acid test in South Africa. Gandhiji decided to adopt the same method for the purpose of achieving independence for India. Under the banner of the Congress he started the Non-Cooperation and Civil Disobedience Movements in India. These movements proved very successful and thousands of Indians from all walks of life participated in these movements and courted arrest. Gandhiji himself was arrested and imprisoned several times. He organised the “Quit Movement” in August 1942. To his countrymen he ga\e call ‘Do or die’. Along with other prominent leader-Congress and thousands of persons, Gandhiji was arrested i sent to jail. Like a brave soldier, he continued to fitte. Hardships could not deter him from the right path of justice and non-violence. Ultimately this unique method struggle succeeded and India achieved her Independence the 15th August, 1947. The struggle which Gandhiji on was long, tiring and full of difficulties and hardships, but won freedom for India without blood-shed.